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Over the centuries of Islamic history, Muslim rulers, Islamic scholars, and ordinary Muslims have held many different attitudes towards other religions. Attitudes have varied according to time, place and circumstance. == Non-Muslims and Islam == "The main advantage of the dhimmis over Muslims was the guarantee of their protection without the responsibility to actively engage in that protection themselves." The Qur'an distinguishes between the monotheistic People of the Book (''ahl al-kitab'') (Jews, Christians, Sabians and others) on the one hand and polytheists or ''idolaters'' on the other hand. There are certain kinds of restrictions, when involved with People of the Book, which do not apply to polytheists. One example is that Muslim males are allowed to marry a Christian or Jew, but not a polytheist. Muslim women, however, may not marry non-Muslim men.〔Friedmann (2003), p. 35〕 The idea of Islamic supremacy is encapsulated in the formula, "Islam is exalted and nothing is exalted above it."〔 Abraham, Moses, Hebrew prophets, and Jesus were all prophets of Islam, but according to Muslim tradition their message and the texts of the Torah and the Gospels were corrupted by Jews and Christians.〔Friedmann (2003), p. 18〕 Apostasy in Islam can be punishable by death or imprisonment according to most interpretations.〔"Murtadd", ''Encyclopedia of Islam'' Quote: "A woman who apostasizes () is to be executed according to some jurists, or imprisoned according to others."〕 W. Heffening states that Shafi'is interpret verse as adducing the main evidence for the death penalty in Qur'an.〔W. Heffening, in ''Encyclopedia of Islam''〕 Wael Hallaq states the death penalty was a new element added later and "reflects a later reality and does not stand in accord with the deeds of the Prophet." He further states that "nothing in the law governing apostate and apostasy derives from the letter of the holy text." 〔Encyclopedia of the Quran, Apostasy〕 There are also interpretations according to which apostates aren't executed nor punished, and there is freedom of religion. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Islam and other religions」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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